Neupravni govor = Reported Speech
Neupravni govor upotrebljavamo kada navodimo nešto što je netko rekao. Kod neupravnog govora u engleskom jeziku moramo paziti da uskladimo zamjenice, glagolska vremena i vremenske izraze:
- Tim said: “I like your flat.” = Tim je rekao: “Sviđa mi se tvoj stan.”
- Tim said that he liked my flat. = Timje rekao, da mu se sviđa moj stan.
1. IZJAVNE I NEGATIVNE REČENICE
Ako je glagol u glavnoj rečenci u glagolskom vremenu “Past Simple”, glagole u zavisnoj rečenici pomaknemo za jedno vrijeme unatrag (1.1.). Kada je glagol glavne rečenice u prezentu, futuru ili vremenu “Present Perfect”, vremena u zavisnim rečenicama ostaju nepromijenjena(1.2.).
1.1.Glagol glavne rečenice je u perfektu:
- Andy said: “I don’t know this person.” = Andrej je rekao: “Ne poznajem tu osobu.”
- Andy said that he didn’t know that person. = Andrej je rekao, da ne poznaje tu osobu.
Za razumijevanjenje prebacivanja vremena (uz njih mijenjamo i priloge i zamjenice), pogledajte tabelu.
1.2.Glagol glavne rečenice je u futuru, prezentu, vremenu “Present Perfect”:
- Tim always says: “Everything will be just fine.” = Tim uvijek govori: “Sve će biti dobro.”
- Tim always says everything will be just fine. = Tim uvijek govori, da će sve biti dobro.
- I am sure that Linda will say: “I know what you mean.” = Sigurna sam, da će Linda reći: “Znam što misliš.”
- I am sure Linda will say that she knows what I mean. = Sigurna sam, da će Linda reći, da zna što mislim.
- She has just Asked: “How long have you lived here?” = Upravo je pitala: “Koliko dugo već živiš ovdje?”
- She has just asked how long I have lived there. = Upravo je pitala, koliko dugo već živim ovdje?
*Kada je glagolsko vrijeme u glavnoj rečenici u vremenu “Past Simple”, glagolsko vrijeme u zavisnoj rečenici mijenjamo na sljedeći način:
Pomicanje vremena |
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Present Simple |
→ |
Past Simple |
Past Simple |
→ |
Past Perfect |
Present Perfect |
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Past Perfect |
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Will |
→ |
Would |
“Present/Past/Perfect Continuouns” |
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am/are/is |
→ |
was/were |
was/were |
→ |
had been |
has been |
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had been |
Primjeri pomicanja “Continuous” vremena (Present/Past/Perfect Continuous) |
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Ivan: “I’m cooking Croatian food.” |
→ |
Ivan said that he was cooking Croatian food. |
Ivan: “I was cooking Croatian food.” |
→ |
Ivan said that he had been cooking Croatian food. |
Peter: “I have been cooking Croatian food.” |
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Peter: “I had been cooking Croatian food.” |
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Primjeri pomicanja “Simple” vremena |
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Ivan: “I cook Croatian food.” |
→ |
Ivan said that he cooked Croatian food. |
Ivan: “I worked Croatian food.” |
→ |
Ivan said that he had cooked Croatian food. |
Ivan: “I have cooked Croatian food.” |
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Ivan: “I had cooked Croatian food.” |
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Ivan: “I will cook Croatian food.” |
→ |
Ivan said that he would cook Croatian food. |
Ivan: “I can cook Croatian food.” |
→ |
Ivan said that he could cook Croatian food. |
Ivan: “I may cook Croatian food.” |
→ |
Ivan said that he might cook Croatian food. |
Ivan: “I would cook Croatian food.” |
→ |
Ivan said that he would cook Croatian food. |
Ako rečenica sadrži vremenski izraz, njega je također potrebno prilagoditi:
- Ivan: “I cooked Croatian food last week.” = Ivan: “Kuhao sam hrvatsku hranu prošli tjedan.”
- Ivan said that he had cooked Croatian food the week before.= Ivan je rekao da je kuhao hrvatsku hranu tjedan prije toga.
Neupravni govor – mijenjanje vremenskih izraza:
this (evening) |
→ |
that (evening) |
today/this day |
→ |
that day |
these (days) |
→ |
those (days) |
Now |
→ |
Then |
(a week) ago |
→ |
(a week) before |
last weekend |
→ |
the weekend before / the previous weekend |
Here |
→ |
There |
next (week) |
→ |
the following (week) |
Tomorrow |
→ |
the next/following day |
Neupravni govor – mijenjanje osobnih zamjenica:
U neupravnom govoru po potrebi prilagođavamo i zamjenice:
- Andy: “I can’t wait for Marin to come.” = Andy: “Jedva čekam da dođe Marin.”
Recimo da to želite reći Marku:
- Andy said that she could not wait for you to come. = Andy je rekla, da jedva čeka, da dođeš.
2. IMPERATIVNE REČENICE
Naređenja (tell + to + infinitiv) |
Zabrane (tell + not to + infinitiv) |
My boss: “Finish the report by Friday.” |
My boss: “Don’t be late.” |
Boss told me to finish the report by Friday. |
Boss told me not to be late. |
3. PITANJA
Kada navodimo pitanja, ne koristimo upitne riječi, već potvrdne, zbog čega se i redoslijed rečeničnih elemenata mijenja u onakav, kakav nalazimo u izjavnim rečenicama.
- Redoslijed rečeničnih elemenata u upitnoj rečenici je takav, da iza pomoćnog glagola dolazi subjekt:
- Nelly asked: “Where does she come from?” = Nelly je pitala: “Odakle ona dolazi?”
Pomoćni glagol “does” je ispred subjekta “she”.
Redoslijed rečeničnih elemenata kod navođenja pitanja je isti kao i u izjavnim rečenicama, dakle subjekt dolazi nakon glagola:
- Nelly asked where she came from. = Nelly je pitala odakle dolazi.
Više nema pomoćnog glagola “does”, već imamo izjavni oblik.
3.1.Pitanja sa upitnim riječima
Ako pitanja počinju sa upitnim riječima (zašto, kako, kada, gdje, kamo, tko, što…) navodimo ih na sljedeći način:
- Katy: “Why are you so nervous?” = Katy: “Zašto si tako nervozan?”
- Katy asked me why I was so nervous.= Katy me pitala, zašto sam tako nervozan.
Samo ponovimo upitnu riječ, u ovom slučaju “why” (umijesto “why” bi mogli imati: who(m), when, how, where, which, whose, what).
3.2.Pitanja bez upitnih riječi
Na njih odgovaramo sa “da/ne” i ne počinju sa upitnim riječima (who(m), when, how, where, which, whose, what), već s pomoćnim glagolima (do/ does/ am/ are /is /did /have /had):
- Maya: “Do you like studying Italian with me?” = Maya: “Voliš li učiti talijanski sa mnom?”
- Maya asked me whether (/if) I liked studying Italian with her.= Maya me je pitala volim li učiti talijanski s njom.
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