Glagolska vremena su oblici glagola koji pokazuju vrijeme, kontinuitet ili završetak određene radnje ili stanja koje je izraženo u sklopu trenutka kada je izjava vezana uz njih izrečena.
Učenicima je pravilno korištenje glagolskih vremena vrlo često teško. Glagolska vremena present perfect i past perfect osobito su zbunjujuća.
U nastavku se nalazi tablica s engleskim glagolskim vremenima u kojoj su ukratko sažete glavne značajke svakog glagolskog vremena. Svako je glagolsko vrijeme detaljnije objašnjeno u Potkategorijama (tvorba, upotreba, oblici…). U Potkategorijama (kartica gore desno) su osim pojedinih glagolskih vremena objašnjene i glavne razlike među njima, a njihovim ćete poznavanjem moći jednostavno razlikovati među pojedinim glagolskim vremena i uvijek znati kada upotrijebiti ono pravo.
Engleska glagolska vremena sažeta u tablici:
Tabela engleskih glagolskih vremena = Table of English Tenses
Engleska glagolska vremena tvore jedno od najvažnijih poglavlja engleske gramatike. U nastavku slijedi njihov prikaz pomoću tabele.
VRIJEME | POTVRDNE / NIJEČNE / UPITNE REČENICE | UPORABA | PRIMJERI PRILOGA |
Present Simple | HE/SHE/IT + He speaks English. – He does not speak English. (doesn’t) ? Does he speak English?I/YOU/WE/THEY +: You speak English. -: You do not speak English. (don’t) ?: Do you speak English? |
1) Ponavljajuće radnje: My friend often draws. I never drink milk.2) Općenite istine:: The sun rises in the East.3) Ustaljeni dogovori, planirani događaji(npr. vozni red): The plane flies to London every Monday.4) Poslije pojedinih posebnih glagola kod kojih ne koristimo Pre. Con. (ti glagoli izražavaju stanja, vlasništvo, osjećaje, mentalne procese, itd.): be, believe, belong, hate, hear, like, love, mean, prefer, remain, realize, see, seem, smell, think, understand, want, wish. I understand English. He doesn’t like fish. |
always, every day/
July/week, never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually |
Present Continuous | I +: I am speaking English. (I’m) -: I am not speaking English. ?: Am I speaking English?HE/SHE/IT +: He is speaking English. (He’s) -: He is not speaking English. (isn’t) ?: Is he speaking English?WE/YOU/THEY +: They are speaking English. (They’re) -: They are not speaking English. (aren’t) ?: Are they speaking English? |
1) Radnja u trenutku govora o njoj (now, at the moment): Peter is reading a book now. She’s listening to the radio.2) Plan u bližoj budućnosti: She is going to Brazil on Saturday. I’m meeting Jim tonight.3) Privremene radnje (često zajedno s “today/this week/month/year): His father is working in Rome this month.I usually go to work by car, but this week I am riding a bike. 4) Radnje koje se otprilike događaju za vrijeme govora o njima (dulje radnje): |
right now, at the moment, just, now, Listen!, Look!… (zadnja dva doduše nisu prilozi, no često upućuju na to da slijedi to gl. vrijeme) |
Past Simple | I/YOU/HE/SHE/IT/WE/YOU/THEY +: You spoke English. -: You did not speak English. (didn’t) ?: Did you speak English? |
1) U prošlosti završene radnje (obično sa svršenim glagolima): I visited Berlin last week. Andrew watched TV yesterday. |
yesterday, an hour ago, in 1990, the other day, last year, (pitanja s) when |
Past Continuous | I/HE/SHE/IT +: He was speaking English. -: He was not speaking English. (wasn’t) ?: Was he speaking English?WE/YOU/THEY +: They were speaking English. -: They were not speaking English. (weren’t) ?: Were they speaking English? |
1) Radnje koje nisu završile u određenom vremenu u prošlosti (obično s nesvršenim glagolima): Peter was reading a book yesterday evening. She was listening to the radio for three hours. 2) Zajedno s “Past Simple” gl. vremenom: While we were sitting at the breakfast table, the telephone rang. (rečenica u tom slučaju često sadrži veznik “while”) |
while, the whole afternoon, from nine to ten |
Present Perfect Simple | HE/SHE/IT +: He has spoken English. (He’s) -: He has not spoken English. (hasn’t) ?: Has he spoken English?I/WE/YOU/THEY+: They have spoken English. (They’ve) -: They have not spoken English. (haven’t) ?: Have they spoken English? |
Radnje koje su se desile u prošlosti, a još uvijek su povezane sa sadašnjošću 1) Rezultat radnje u prošlosti je važan za sadašnjost (nije važno kada se radnja desila; kada imamo određenu točku u prošlosti – npr. yesterday – tada upotrijebimo Past Simple): I have cleaned my room. (It is clean now.) Has Peggy ever been to Tokyo? (Does she now have this experience or not?) 2) Upravo sada zaključene radnje: He has just played handball. (It is over now.)3) Radnje koje su započele u prošlosti i još uvijek traju – većinom s “since” (+vremenska točka) ili“for” (+vremensko razdoblje): We have lived in Canada since 1986. (We still live there.) |
just, yet, never, ever, already, so far, up to now, since, for, recently, (upitne riječi) How long/How many times, today/this week/month/ year (“today, this week/month/
year” se kod Present Perfect Simplea u prijevodima u hrvatskom jeziku pojavljuje s prošlim gl. vremenom; npr. I haven’t seen her today. = Danas je još nisam vidjela.) |
Present Perfect Continuous | HE/SHE/IT +: He has been speaking at the conference for an hour now. (He’s) -: He has not been speaking the truth. (hasn’t) ?: Has he been speaking the truth?I/WE/YOU/THEY:+ They have been speaking at the conference for an hour now. (They’ve) -: They have not been speaking the truth. (haven’t) ?: Have they been speaking the truth?
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1) Radnje koje su započele u prošlosti i još uvijek traju u sadašnjosti / upravo su završile / nastavljaju se i u budućnosti:
I have been waiting for you for an hour. I have been teaching for ten years. 2) Neprekinuti tijek neke radnje – zato se često pojavljuje sa slijedećim glagolima: try (probati), live (živjeti), wait (čekati), teach (podučavati), sit (sjediti), learn (učiti ), rest (odmarati), stay (ostati): I have been living in the capital for a year. 3) Kod ovog gl. vremena naglasak je na trajanju i ne toliko na rezultatu radnje kao što je to slučaj kod gl. vremena “Present Perfect Simple” te je u usporedbi s Present Perf. Sim. ovo nesvršena radnja: I have been writing reports since eight. I have written two reports since eight. |
how long, since, for, lately, recently |
Future Simple | I/YOU/HE/SHE/IT/WE/ YOU/THEY +: He will speak English. (He’ll) -: He will not speak English. (won’t) ?: Will he speak English? |
1) Buduće radnje koje se dese bez govornikovog utjecaja (birthday, weather, itd.): The sun will shine tomorrow. Peter will be 15 next Tuesday.2) Spontane radnje (nisu planirane): Hang on! I’ll have a word with you. |
in a year, next …, tomorrow
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Future Perfect Simple | I/YOU/HE/SHE/IT/WE/ YOU/THEY
+: He will have spoken English by next year. (He’ll) |
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by next month, by this time tomorrow |
Future Perfect Continuous |
I/YOU/HE/SHE/IT/WE/ YOU/THEY +: He will have been speaking English for ten years by 2012. (He’ll) |
1) Ovo gl. vrijeme izražava radnju koja se neprekinuto rasteže do neke točke u budućnosti (ponekad i nakon nje):
You will have been working at Lek for three years tomorrow. |
in a year, next …, tomorrow, by next month, by this time tomorrow |
Going to | I +: I’m going to speak to Mary. -: I am not going to speak to Mary. (I’m) ?: Am I going to speak to Mary?HE/SHE/IT +: He is going to speak to Mary. (He’s) -: He is not going to speak to Mary. (isn’t) ?: Is he going to speak to Mary?WE/YOU/THEY+: They are going to speak to Mary. (They’re) -: They are not going to speak to Mary. (aren’t) ?: Are they going to speak to Mary? |
1) Planirane radnje u budućnosti:
We are going to sing at the party. They are going to fly to South Africa. 2) Nagađanje o bližoj budućnosti na osnovi dokaza u prirodi: Look at the sky! It is going to rain. Linda’s pregnancy tummy is big now. She is going to have a baby soon. |
in one year, next week, tomorrow |
Past Perfect Simple | I/WE/YOU/THEY/ HE/ SHE/IT +: He had spoken to him before Jim moved. (He’d) -: He had not spoken to him before Jim moved. (hadn’t) ?: Had he spoken to him before Jim moved? |
Ovo gl. vrijeme je po korištenju jednako hrvatskom pluskvamperfektu koji je već skoro u potpunosti izumro (Kada je Marko došao doma, oni su već bili povečerali.). I u engleskom jeziku ovo gl. vrijeme koristimo samo kada govorimo u kombinaciji s drugom prošlom radnjom (najčešće s gl. vremenom “Past Simple”); kada govorimo o radnji koja se desila prije neke prošle radnje.
When Marko came home, they had already had dinner. = Kada je Marko došao doma, oni su već bili povečerali. |
When, before, after, as soon as, by the time |
Past Perfect Continuous | I/WE/YOU/THEY/HE/ SHE/IT +: He had been speaking the truth before he left. (He’d) -: He had not been speaking the truth before he left. (hadn’t) ?: Had he been speaking the truth before he left? |
Ovo gl. vrijeme koristimo kada govorimo o radnjama koje su započele u prošlosti i nastavile se do određenog trenutka u prošlosti. To je prošli ekvivalent gl. vremenu “Present Perfect Conti.”, s razlikom da “Present Perfect Continuous” traje do sadašnjosti, a “Past Perfect Continuous” do određene vremenske točke ili druge radnje u prošlosti. When I saw her dog in the morning, it was really tired. It had been running around for the whole night. = Kada sam ujutro vidjela njezinog psa, bio je zaista umoran. Trčao je okolo cijelu noć. (Započeo je trčati u prošlosti te je do ujutro neprekinuto trčao.) | When, before, after, by the time |